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What is NOx and SOx ?


Air Pollutants

In general, air pollutants are divided into two main groups: gases and particulate matters. The gases include Carbon Monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and Hydrocarbon. On the other hand, the particulate matters include dust, smoke, smog, and soot. The National Air Pollutants Emission data provides the emission data of air pollutants such as SOx, NOx, Carbon Monoxide, TSP and Volatile Organic Compounds that cause harm to human and the environment.

As the most basic data needed to establish the national environmental policy in securing clean air, air pollutants emission data provides the data on types, sources and the amounts of air pollutants. With this regard, In regard to this, the National Institute of Environmental Research is in charge of estimating the national air pollutants emission each year and managing the data as the nation's official statistics.

Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Sulfur compounds, which are prevalent in fuels, combine with oxygen when fuels are burned, and produce SOx gases in the atmosphere. When sulfur is oxidized, it forms sulfur dioxide or SO2. If it is more oxidized, it becomes SO3. These SO2 and SO3 are in the family of SOx. SO2 is easily oxidized in the atmosphere to SO3 and becomes sulfate, or reacts with water vapor to form micrometer-size droplets of sulfuric acid, H2SO4. SOx is a pungent, colorless gase that causes respiratory illness if concentrations reach a certain level. Even at the low level, however, it can be toxic enough to kill plants.

SOx, along with NOx, is mostly formed in the combustion of fuels containing sulfur such as coal and oil. SOx is responsible for the formation of acid rain, corrosion of metal structures and is harmful to people and other living organisms. Acid rain causes limited damage to any cities or industrial complexes, but the damage can spread across wide geographic areas if a large amount of acid rain is released. Acidification of lakes, surface waters, groundwater can do damage to aquatic creatures, forests and farming lands.

SOx reduction measures are divided into the precautionary measures and the post measure. The precautionary measures include the use of low sulfur fuels (low sulfur oil and coal) or clean fuels (natural gas and LPG) and the desulfurization of oil products. On the other hand, the post measure refers to exhaust gas desulfurization, a process to remove SOx gases from flue gas generated from combustion of oil and coal before releasing the gas from smokestacks. Exhaust gas desulfurization, however, has limitations in that this method can only apply to large-scale facilities due to the economic viability.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
NOx gases are emitted from high temperature combustion. Although most of the NOx gases are generated from the combustion of nitrogen present in the air, some are produced from the oxidation of nitrogen contained in fuels. Nitrogen generates various nitrogen oxides including nitrogen monoxide or NO, nitrogen dioxide or NO2, and Dinitrogen trioxide or N2O3. NO and NO2 are the most prominent nitrogen oxides and are often referred to as NOx. NO is easily oxidized to NO2, which is then dissolved in water to make HNO3. Like sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides are the sources of acid rain.

NOx is harmful to human health. In direct way, it causes or worsens respiratory disease, and can do damage to plants, whereas it plays a significant role in photochemical reaction. N2O, or Nitrous Oxide, also known as laughing gas, is used as anesthetic, and is one of the air pollutants that cause global warming.

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
VOC means petrochemical products, organic solvent and other substances among hydrocarbons, and are notified by minister of environment in consultation with directors of relative executive agencies. VOC's steam pressure is over 0.02psi and its boiling point is under 100℃.

VOC is produced by organic combination of carbon and hydrogen and exists in diverse types. It is also generated by using oil product and incompletely incinerating oil, alcohol, and other organic acid. VOC includes Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs) such as aldehyde, ketones, benzene, and benzopyrene, some of which is a carcinogen. In addition, many of VOC has a strong smell.

Photochemical reaction can be generated by mix of VOC and nitrogen oxides in the sunlight, causing pollutants including peroxyacetylnitrate. These pollutants can lead to visibility obstruction, eye disease, and respiratory disease, and damage to plants.

DUST
Dust means particles which are floating or scattering in the air. According to chemical composition and size of particles, dust has different influences on human health. The smaller a particle is, the worse effect it has on a lung. In addition, minute particles provide wide adhesion area, playing a role of vehicles for heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and endocrine disruptor. In general, diameter of particles in the air is from 0.001 to 500㎛ and particles of 0.1 to 10㎛ accounts for the largest portion. 1㎛ is 1/1000㎜ or 10000Å.

The density of dust in the air can be shown by the following units: TSP, PM10, and PM2.5. Total Suspended Particulate(TSP) means the total amount of dust scattering in the air, and PM10 indicates the amount of dust whose diameter is under 10㎛. Also, PM2.5 means the amount of dust whose diameter is under 2.5㎛.

CO
CO is produced by incomplete incineration of carbon. CO, which is colorless and odorless, can cause toxication and can be fatal only by a small quantity. When a man inhale CO, it joins with Hb in blood instead of O2, producing CO-Hb. Because CO is 200times powerful to combine with Hb than O2 it reduces the capability of conveying O2 by Hb. Main causes are heating and auto exhaust.



General guidance on cross-referencing hydraulic fluids

General guidance on cross-referencing hydraulic fluids.

  1. Consult Manufacturer Documentation: Many hydraulic equipment manufacturers provide recommendations for compatible hydraulic fluids in their equipment manuals or maintenance guides. These recommendations are based on the equipment's specifications and requirements.

  2. Fluid Properties: When cross-referencing hydraulic fluids, it's important to consider the properties of the fluid, such as viscosity, viscosity index, additives, and compatibility with seals and materials in the hydraulic system. Match these properties as closely as possible when selecting an alternative fluid.

  3. ISO Viscosity Grades: Hydraulic fluids are often classified by their ISO viscosity grades. For example, ISO VG 32, ISO VG 46, ISO VG 68, etc. Look for fluids with similar ISO viscosity grades when searching for alternatives.

  4. Manufacturer Cross-Reference Guides: Some hydraulic fluid manufacturers provide cross-reference guides or compatibility charts on their websites or product documentation. These guides can help you find equivalent fluids from different brands.

  5. Consult with Experts: If you're unsure about which hydraulic fluid to use as a replacement, consider consulting with hydraulic system engineers, fluid suppliers, or equipment manufacturers for recommendations based on your specific application.

Remember that ensuring compatibility is crucial to prevent damage to your hydraulic system and maintain optimal performance. If you have specific brands or types of hydraulic fluids in mind that you need to follow the following cross-reference chart.

 

HFIConocoMobilShellChevronExxonTexaco
Hydraulic-150Super Hydraulic MV 32 SAE5W20Hydrailic Oil 13
DTE 12M
DTE 13M
DTE23
Tellus T 32AW Hydraulic HD 32Humble Hydraulic 1193
Univis J-26
Univis N 32
Rando HDZ 32
Hydraulic-150Super Hydraulic 32 SAE10W ISO 32Hydrailic AW32
Hydraulic Oil Light
DTE 24
ETNA 24
AW Hydraulic 32
Tellus 25
Tellus 32
Tellus 927
Tellus Plus 22
AW Hydraulic Oil 32
AW Machine Oil 32
Rykon Oil AW 32
Rykon Oil 32
Humble Hydraulic 1193
Humble Hydraulic H32
Humble Hydraulic H34
Nuto H44
Rando HD 32
Hydraulic-150Ecoterra 32 SAE10, ISO 32DTE Excel 32Tellus S 32Clarity Hydraulic AW 32Terrastic EP 32Rando HD Ashless
Hydraulic-200Super Hydraulic 46 SAE10W ISO46DTE 25
ETNA 25
Hydraulic Oil AW 46
Hydraulic Oil Medium
Hydrex AW 46
NS 46
Vacrex 46
AW Hydraulic 46
MD Hydraulic Oil AW 46
Tellus 29
Tellus 46
Tellus 929
Tellus Plus 46
AW Hydraulic Oil 46
AW Machine Oil 46
EP Industrial Oil 46
EP Machine Oil 11
Hydraulic Oil 46
Rykon Oil AW 46
Humble Hydraulic 1194
Humble Hydraulic H46
Humble Hydraulic M46
Nuto H46
Nuto H48
Rando HD 46
Hydraulic-300Super Hydraulic 68 SAE20W ISO68Hydraulic Oil 68
Hydraulic Oil Heavy
DTE 26
ETNA 26
AW Hydraulic 68
Tellus 33
Tellus 68
Tellus 933
Tellus Plus 68
AW Hydraulic Oil 68
AW Machine Oil 68
EP Machine Oil 68
EP Machine Oil 70
Humble Hydraulic 1197
Humble Hydraulic H68
Nuto H54
Nuto H68
Rando HD 68



The following chart may be used to help determine the proper ISO grade hydraulic fluid to use with your system by referencing the manufacturer and model pump used in your equipment or fluid powered system. In the chart below, the ISO grade (32, 46, 68) fluid to be used should fall within the range of the optimum cSt listed in the right-hand column. 

ManufacturerEquipmentMin cStMax cStOptimum cSt
BoschFA;RA;K.1521626 - 45
BoschQ;Q-6;SV-10, 15, 20, 25, VPV 16, 25, 32.2121632 - 54
BoschSV-40; 80 &100 VPV 45, 63.3221643 - 64
BoschRadial Piston (SECO)106521 - 54
BoschAxial & RKP Piston1445032 - 65
Commercial IntertechRoller and Sleeve Bearing Gear Pumps.10-20
DanfossAll10-21 - 39
DenisonPiston Pumps13-24 - 31
DenisonVane Pumps1010730
Dynex/Rivett
axial piston pumps
PF4200 Series1.537220 - 70
Dynex/Rivett
axial piston pumps
PF2006/8, PF/PV4000, and PF/PV6000 series.2.341320 - 70
Dynex/Rivett
axial piston pumps
PF 1000,PF2000 and PF3000 series.3.534220 - 70
EatonHeavy Duty Piston Pumps and Motors, Medium Duty Piston Pumps and Motors Charged Systems, Light Duty Pumps.6-10 - 39
EatonMedium Duty Piston Pumps and Motors - Non-charged Systems.6-10 - 39
EatonGear Pumps, Motors and Cylinders.6-10 - 43
Eaton - VickersMobile Piston Pumps1020016 - 40
Eaton - VickersIndustrial Piston Pumps135416 - 40
Eaton - VickersMobile Vane Pumps95416 - 40
Eaton - VickersIndustrial Vane Pumps135416 - 40
Eaton - Char-LynnJ, R, and S Series Motors and Disc Valve Motors13-20 - 43
Eaton - Char-LynnA Series and H Series Motors20-20 - 43
Haldex BarnesW Series Gear Pumps11-21
Kawasaki
P-969-0026
Staffa Radial Piston Motors2515050
Kawasaki
P-969-0190
K3V/G Axial Piston Pumps10200-
LindeAll108015 - 30
Mannesmann RexrothV3 , V4, V5, V7 Pumps25-25 - 160
Mannesmann RexrothV2 Pumps1616025 - 160
Mannesmann RexrothG2, G3,G4 pumps & motors; G8, G9, G10 pumps1030025 - 160
Parker HannifinGerotor Motors8-12 - 60
Parker HannifinGear Pumps PGH Series. Gear Pumps D/H/M Series--17 - 180
Parker HannifinHydraulic Steering8-12 - 60
Parker HannifinPFVH / PFVI vane pumps--17 - 180
Parker HannifinSeries T110-10 - 400
Parker HannifinVCR2 Series13--
Parker HannifinLow Speed High Torque Motors10--
Parker HannifinVariable Vol Piston Pumps. PVP & PVAC--17 - 180
Parker HannifinAxial Fixed Piston Pumps--12 - 100
Parker HannifinVariable Vol Vane - PVV--16 - 110
Poclain HydraulicsH and S series motors9-20 - 100
Sauer-Sundstrand USAAll6.4-13
Sauer-Sundstrand GmbHSeries 10 and 20, RMF(hydrostatic motor)7-12 - 60
Sauer-Sundstrand GmbHSeries 15 open circuit12-12 - 60
Sauer-Sundstrand GmbHSeries 40, 42, 51 & 90 CW S-8 hydrostatic motor7-12 - 60
Sauer-Sundstrand GmbHSeries 459-12 - 60
Sauer-Sundstrand GmbHSeries 60, LPM(hydrostatic motor)9-12 - 60
Sauer-Sundstrand GmbHGear Pumps + Motors10-12 - 60

Advantages and disadvantages of Diesel Power Plants

Adopting diesel power plants for electricity generation comes with both advantages and disadvantages. Here's a breakdown of each:

Advantages:

  1. Flexibility and Mobility: Diesel power plants are highly flexible and can be easily transported and installed, making them suitable for temporary or remote power generation needs. They can serve as reliable backup power sources for critical facilities such as hospitals, data centers, and telecommunications infrastructure.

  2. Quick Start-up and Response Time: Diesel generators can start up quickly and ramp up to full capacity within minutes, providing rapid response to sudden changes in demand or emergencies. This makes them well-suited for applications where fast power delivery is essential, such as grid stabilization or peak shaving.

  3. High Efficiency in Small-Scale Applications: Diesel engines can achieve high levels of efficiency, particularly in smaller-scale applications where they can operate near their optimal load conditions. This makes them cost-effective for powering standalone facilities or remote communities that are not connected to the main electrical grid.

  4. Fuel Availability and Storage: Diesel fuel is readily available in most regions and can be stored onsite for extended periods without degradation. This ensures fuel security and reliability, especially in areas with limited access to other fuel sources.

  5. Low Initial Investment: Compared to other types of power plants, diesel generators generally have lower upfront capital costs, making them attractive for small-scale or temporary power generation projects.

Disadvantages:

  1. Fuel Cost and Price Volatility: Diesel fuel prices can be volatile and subject to fluctuations in global oil markets, leading to unpredictable operating costs for diesel power plants. In regions where diesel fuel is expensive or scarce, operating diesel generators can be economically challenging.

  2. Fuel Efficiency at Partial Loads: Diesel engines are most efficient when operating at or near full load. At partial loads, their efficiency decreases significantly, resulting in higher fuel consumption and operating costs. This can be a disadvantage in applications with varying or intermittent power demand.

  3. Environmental Impact: Diesel engines emit pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2), contributing to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Despite advancements in emission control technologies, diesel generators still have environmental impacts that need to be mitigated, especially in densely populated or environmentally sensitive areas.

  4. Noise and Vibration: Diesel generators can be noisy and produce vibrations during operation, which may be a concern in urban or residential areas. Noise mitigation measures, such as soundproof enclosures and mufflers, may be necessary to minimize the impact on surrounding communities.

  5. Maintenance and Reliability: Diesel engines require regular maintenance, including oil and filter changes, fuel system servicing, and periodic inspections, to ensure reliable operation and prevent breakdowns. The reliability of diesel generators depends on proper maintenance practices and timely repairs, which can increase operating costs and downtime if not managed effectively.

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