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Physical characteristics of water at the atmospheric pressure

At atmospheric pressure, water exhibits several physical characteristics that are commonly observed under normal conditions:

  1. State of Matter: Water exists predominantly in the liquid state at atmospheric pressure and temperatures typically encountered on Earth's surface (0°C to 100°C). However, it can also exist as a solid (ice) below 0°C and as a gas (water vapor) above 100°C.

  2. Boiling Point: At sea level, where atmospheric pressure is approximately 101.3 kilopascals (kPa) or 1 atmosphere (atm), water boils at 100°C (212°F). This is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of water equals the atmospheric pressure, causing it to change from liquid to gas.

  3. Freezing Point: Water freezes into ice at 0°C (32°F) at atmospheric pressure. At this temperature, the molecules in the liquid phase lose enough thermal energy to form a solid lattice structure, resulting in the solidification of water molecules into ice.

  4. Density: The density of liquid water is approximately 1 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm³) at 4°C, making it denser than ice. However, water's density decreases as it approaches its freezing point, causing ice to float on liquid water.

  5. Surface Tension: Water molecules exhibit cohesive forces, resulting in surface tension, which causes the surface of water to behave like an elastic membrane. This property allows water droplets to form spherical shapes and enables certain insects to walk on the water's surface.

  6. Specific Heat Capacity: Water has a relatively high specific heat capacity, meaning it can absorb and store a large amount of heat energy compared to many other substances. This property helps regulate temperature variations in the environment and contributes to the moderating effect of large bodies of water on climate.

  7. Viscosity: Water has a relatively low viscosity compared to other liquids, meaning it flows relatively easily. However, its viscosity can increase with temperature and pressure changes.

  8. Refractive Index: The refractive index of water is approximately 1.333 at room temperature, causing light to bend when passing from one medium (e.g., air) into water. This property is responsible for phenomena such as the apparent bending of objects viewed through water and the formation of rainbows.

These physical characteristics of water at atmospheric pressure play crucial roles in various natural processes, industrial applications, and everyday activities.


Pressure:
Atmospheric pressure at 1,01325 bar, i.e. normal atmospheric pressure on the sea level at 0°C.
Ratio of the mass of water (kg) occupied in a volume of 1 m3.
Specific enthalpy:
Sensible Heat, it is the quantity of heat contained in 1 kg of water according to the selected temperature.
Specific heat:
Quantity of heat necessary to increase the temperature of a 1° Celsius per unit of mass of 1 kg of water.
Volume heat capacity:
Quantity of heat necessary to increase the temperature of a 1° Celsius on a unit of volume of 1 m3 of water.
Dynamic viscosity:
The viscosity of a fluid characterizes the resistance to the movement of the fluid.

NB: Energy values in kcal/kg are given on a basis of 4.1868 J .Values not normally used.

Temperature
Pressure
Saturation vapor pressure
Density
Specific enthalpy of liquid water
Specific heat
Volume heat capacity
Dynamic viscosity
°C
Pa
Pa
kg/m3
kj/kg
kcal/kg
kj/kg
kcal/kg
kj/m3
kg/m.s
0.00
101325
611
999.82
0.06
0.01
4.217
1.007
4216.10
0.001792
1.00
101325
657
999.89
4.28
1.02
4.213
1.006
4213.03
0.001731
2.00
101325
705
999.94
8.49
2.03
4.210
1.006
4210.12
0.001674
3.00
101325
757
999.98
12.70
3.03
4.207
1.005
4207.36
0.001620
4.00
101325
813
1000.00
16.90
4.04
4.205
1.004
4204.74
0.001569
5.00
101325
872
1000.00
21.11
5.04
4.202
1.004
4202.26
0.001520
6.00
101325
935
999.99
25.31
6.04
4.200
1.003
4199.89
0.001473
7.00
101325
1001
999.96
29.51
7.05
4.198
1.003
4197.63
0.001429
8.00
101325
1072
999.91
33.70
8.05
4.196
1.002
4195.47
0.001386
9.00
101325
1147
999.85
37.90
9.05
4.194
1.002
4193.40
0.001346
10.00
101325
1227
999.77
42.09
10.05
4.192
1.001
4191.42
0.001308
11.00
101325
1312
999.68
46.28
11.05
4.191
1.001
4189.51
0.001271
12.00
101325
1402
999.58
50.47
12.06
4.189
1.001
4187.67
0.001236
13.00
101325
1497
999.46
54.66
13.06
4.188
1.000
4185.89
0.001202
14.00
101325
1597
999.33
58.85
14.06
4.187
1.000
4184.16
0.001170
15.00
101325
1704
999.19
63.04
15.06
4.186
1.000
4182.49
0.001139
16.00
101325
1817
999.03
67.22
16.06
4.185
1.000
4180.86
0.001109
17.00
101325
1936
998.86
71.41
17.06
4.184
0.999
4179.27
0.001081
18.00
101325
2063
998.68
75.59
18.05
4.183
0.999
4177.72
0.001054
19.00
101325
2196
998.49
79.77
19.05
4.182
0.999
4176.20
0.001028
20.00
101325
2337
998.29
83.95
20.05
4.182
0.999
4174.70
0.001003
21.00
101325
2486
998.08
88.14
21.05
4.181
0.999
4173.23
0.000979
22.00
101325
2642
997.86
92.32
22.05
4.181
0.999
4171.78
0.000955
23.00
101325
2808
997.62
96.50
23.05
4.180
0.998
4170.34
0.000933
24.00
101325
2982
997.38
100.68
24.05
4.180
0.998
4168.92
0.000911
25.00
101325
3166
997.13
104.86
25.04
4.180
0.998
4167.51
0.000891
26.00
101325
3360
996.86
109.04
26.04
4.179
0.998
4166.11
0.000871
27.00
101325
3564
996.59
113.22
27.04
4.179
0.998
4164.71
0.000852
28.00
101325
3779
996.31
117.39
28.04
4.179
0.998
4163.31
0.000833
29.00
101325
4004
996.02
121.57
29.04
4.179
0.998
4161.92
0.000815
30.00
101325
4242
995.71
125.75
30.04
4.178
0.998
4160.53
0.000798
31.00
101325
4491
995.41
129.93
31.03
4.178
0.998
4159.13
0.000781
32.00
101325
4754
995.09
134.11
32.03
4.178
0.998
4157.73
0.000765
33.00
101325
5029
994.76
138.29
33.03
4.178
0.998
4156.33
0.000749
34.00
101325
5318
994.43
142.47
34.03
4.178
0.998
4154.92
0.000734
35.00
101325
5622
994.08
146.64
35.03
4.178
0.998
4153.51
0.000720
36.00
101325
5940
993.73
150.82
36.02
4.178
0.998
4152.08
0.000705
37.00
101325
6274
993.37
155.00
37.02
4.178
0.998
4150.65
0.000692
38.00
101325
6624
993.00
159.18
38.02
4.178
0.998
4149.20
0.000678
39.00
101325
6991
992.63
163.36
39.02
4.179
0.998
4147.74
0.000666
40.00
101325
7375
992.25
167.54
40.02
4.179
0.998
4146.28
0.000653
41.00
101325
7777
991.86
171.71
41.01
4.179
0.998
4144.80
0.000641
42.00
101325
8198
991.46
175.89
42.01
4.179
0.998
4143.30
0.000629
43.00
101325
8639
991.05
180.07
43.01
4.179
0.998
4141.80
0.000618
44.00
101325
9100
990.64
184.25
44.01
4.179
0.998
4140.28
0.000607
45.00
101325
9582
990.22
188.43
45.01
4.180
0.998
4138.75
0.000596
46.00
101325
10085
989.80
192.61
46.00
4.180
0.998
4137.20
0.000586
47.00
101325
10612
989.36
196.79
47.00
4.180
0.998
4135.64
0.000576
48.00
101325
11161
988.92
200.97
48.00
4.180
0.998
4134.06
0.000566
49.00
101325
11735
988.47
205.15
49.00
4.181
0.999
4132.47
0.000556
50.00
101325
12335
988.02
209.33
50.00
4.181
0.999
4130.87
0.000547
51.00
101325
12960
987.56
213.51
51.00
4.181
0.999
4129.25
0.000538
52.00
101325
13612
987.09
217.69
52.00
4.182
0.999
4127.61
0.000529
53.00
101325
14292
986.62
221.88
52.99
4.182
0.999
4125.97
0.000521
54.00
101325
15001
986.14
226.06
53.99
4.182
0.999
4124.30
0.000512
55.00
101325
15740
985.65
230.24
54.99
4.183
0.999
4122.63
0.000504
56.00
101325
16510
985.16
234.42
55.99
4.183
0.999
4120.94
0.000496
57.00
101325
17312
984.66
238.61
56.99
4.183
0.999
4119.24
0.000489
58.00
101325
18146
984.16
242.79
57.99
4.184
0.999
4117.52
0.000481
59.00
101325
19015
983.64
246.97
58.99
4.184
0.999
4115.79
0.000474
60.00
101325
19919
983.13
251.16
59.99
4.185
0.999
4114.05
0.000467
61.00
101325
20859
982.60
255.34
60.99
4.185
1.000
4112.30
0.000460
62.00
101325
21837
982.07
259.53
61.99
4.186
1.000
4110.53
0.000453
63.00
101325
22854
981.54
263.72
62.99
4.186
1.000
4108.75
0.000447
64.00
101325
23910
981.00
267.90
63.99
4.187
1.000
4106.97
0.000440
65.00
101325
25008
980.45
272.09
64.99
4.187
1.000
4105.17
0.000434
66.00
101325
26148
979.90
276.28
65.99
4.188
1.000
4103.36
0.000428
67.00
101325
27332
979.34
280.46
66.99
4.188
1.000
4101.54
0.000422
68.00
101325
28561
978.78
284.65
67.99
4.189
1.000
4099.71
0.000416
69.00
101325
29837
978.21
288.84
68.99
4.189
1.001
4097.88
0.000410
70.00
101325
31161
977.63
293.03
69.99
4.190
1.001
4096.03
0.000404
71.00
101325
32533
977.05
297.22
70.99
4.190
1.001
4094.18
0.000399
72.00
101325
33957
976.47
301.41
71.99
4.191
1.001
4092.31
0.000394
73.00
101325
35433
975.88
305.60
72.99
4.192
1.001
4090.45
0.000388
74.00
101325
36963
975.28
309.79
73.99
4.192
1.001
4088.57
0.000383
75.00
101325
38548
974.68
313.99
74.99
4.193
1.001
4086.69
0.000378
76.00
101325
40190
974.08
318.18
76.00
4.194
1.002
4084.80
0.000373
77.00
101325
41890
973.46
322.37
77.00
4.194
1.002
4082.91
0.000369
78.00
101325
43650
972.85
326.57
78.00
4.195
1.002
4081.01
0.000364
79.00
101325
45473
972.23
330.76
79.00
4.196
1.002
4079.11
0.000359
80.00
101325
47359
971.60
334.96
80.00
4.196
1.002
4077.20
0.000355
81.00
101325
49310
970.97
339.16
81.01
4.197
1.002
4075.29
0.000351
82.00
101325
51328
970.33
343.35
82.01
4.198
1.003
4073.38
0.000346
83.00
101325
53415
969.69
347.55
83.01
4.199
1.003
4071.46
0.000342
84.00
101325
55572
969.04
351.75
84.01
4.200
1.003
4069.54
0.000338
85.00
101325
57803
968.39
355.95
85.02
4.200
1.003
4067.62
0.000334
86.00
101325
60107
967.73
360.15
86.02
4.201
1.003
4065.70
0.000330
87.00
101325
62488
967.07
364.35
87.02
4.202
1.004
4063.78
0.000326
88.00
101325
64947
966.41
368.56
88.03
4.203
1.004
4061.85
0.000322
89.00
101325
67486
965.74
372.76
89.03
4.204
1.004
4059.93
0.000319
90.00
101325
70108
965.06
376.96
90.04
4.205
1.004
4058.00
0.000315
91.00
101325
72814
964.38
381.17
91.04
4.206
1.005
4056.08
0.000311
92.00
101325
75607
963.70
385.38
92.05
4.207
1.005
4054.15
0.000308
93.00
101325
78488
963.01
389.58
93.05
4.208
1.005
4052.23
0.000304
94.00
101325
81460
962.31
393.79
94.06
4.209
1.005
4050.31
0.000301
95.00
101325
84525
961.62
398.00
95.06
4.210
1.006
4048.39
0.000298
96.00
101325
87685
960.91
402.21
96.07
4.211
1.006
4046.47
0.000295
97.00
101325
90943
960.20
406.42
97.07
4.212
1.006
4044.55
0.000291
98.00
101325
94301
959.49
410.64
98.08
4.213
1.006
4042.64
0.000288
99.00
101325
97760
958.78
414.85
99.09
4.214
1.007
4040.73
0.000285
100.00
101325
101325
958.05
419.06
100.09
4.216
1.007
4038.82
0.000282

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