At atmospheric pressure, water exhibits several physical characteristics that are commonly observed under normal conditions:
State of Matter: Water exists predominantly in the liquid state at atmospheric pressure and temperatures typically encountered on Earth's surface (0°C to 100°C). However, it can also exist as a solid (ice) below 0°C and as a gas (water vapor) above 100°C.
Boiling Point: At sea level, where atmospheric pressure is approximately 101.3 kilopascals (kPa) or 1 atmosphere (atm), water boils at 100°C (212°F). This is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of water equals the atmospheric pressure, causing it to change from liquid to gas.
Freezing Point: Water freezes into ice at 0°C (32°F) at atmospheric pressure. At this temperature, the molecules in the liquid phase lose enough thermal energy to form a solid lattice structure, resulting in the solidification of water molecules into ice.
Density: The density of liquid water is approximately 1 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm³) at 4°C, making it denser than ice. However, water's density decreases as it approaches its freezing point, causing ice to float on liquid water.
Surface Tension: Water molecules exhibit cohesive forces, resulting in surface tension, which causes the surface of water to behave like an elastic membrane. This property allows water droplets to form spherical shapes and enables certain insects to walk on the water's surface.
Specific Heat Capacity: Water has a relatively high specific heat capacity, meaning it can absorb and store a large amount of heat energy compared to many other substances. This property helps regulate temperature variations in the environment and contributes to the moderating effect of large bodies of water on climate.
Viscosity: Water has a relatively low viscosity compared to other liquids, meaning it flows relatively easily. However, its viscosity can increase with temperature and pressure changes.
Refractive Index: The refractive index of water is approximately 1.333 at room temperature, causing light to bend when passing from one medium (e.g., air) into water. This property is responsible for phenomena such as the apparent bending of objects viewed through water and the formation of rainbows.
These physical characteristics of water at atmospheric pressure play crucial roles in various natural processes, industrial applications, and everyday activities.
Pressure:
|
Atmospheric pressure at 1,01325
bar, i.e. normal atmospheric pressure on the sea level at 0°C.
|
Ratio of the mass of
water (kg) occupied in a volume of 1 m3.
|
|
Specific enthalpy:
|
Sensible Heat, it is
the quantity of heat contained in 1 kg of water according to the selected
temperature.
|
Specific heat:
|
Quantity of heat necessary to
increase the temperature of a 1° Celsius per unit of mass of 1 kg of water.
|
Volume heat capacity:
|
Quantity of heat necessary to
increase the temperature of a 1° Celsius on a unit of volume of 1 m3 of
water.
|
Dynamic viscosity:
|
The viscosity of a fluid
characterizes the resistance to the movement of the fluid.
|
Temperature
|
Pressure
|
Saturation
vapor pressure
|
Density
|
Specific
enthalpy of liquid water
|
Specific
heat
|
Volume
heat capacity
|
Dynamic
viscosity
|
||
°C
|
Pa
|
Pa
|
kg/m3
|
kj/kg
|
kcal/kg
|
kj/kg
|
kcal/kg
|
kj/m3
|
kg/m.s
|
0.00
|
101325
|
611
|
999.82
|
0.06
|
0.01
|
4.217
|
1.007
|
4216.10
|
0.001792
|
1.00
|
101325
|
657
|
999.89
|
4.28
|
1.02
|
4.213
|
1.006
|
4213.03
|
0.001731
|
2.00
|
101325
|
705
|
999.94
|
8.49
|
2.03
|
4.210
|
1.006
|
4210.12
|
0.001674
|
3.00
|
101325
|
757
|
999.98
|
12.70
|
3.03
|
4.207
|
1.005
|
4207.36
|
0.001620
|
4.00
|
101325
|
813
|
1000.00
|
16.90
|
4.04
|
4.205
|
1.004
|
4204.74
|
0.001569
|
5.00
|
101325
|
872
|
1000.00
|
21.11
|
5.04
|
4.202
|
1.004
|
4202.26
|
0.001520
|
6.00
|
101325
|
935
|
999.99
|
25.31
|
6.04
|
4.200
|
1.003
|
4199.89
|
0.001473
|
7.00
|
101325
|
1001
|
999.96
|
29.51
|
7.05
|
4.198
|
1.003
|
4197.63
|
0.001429
|
8.00
|
101325
|
1072
|
999.91
|
33.70
|
8.05
|
4.196
|
1.002
|
4195.47
|
0.001386
|
9.00
|
101325
|
1147
|
999.85
|
37.90
|
9.05
|
4.194
|
1.002
|
4193.40
|
0.001346
|
10.00
|
101325
|
1227
|
999.77
|
42.09
|
10.05
|
4.192
|
1.001
|
4191.42
|
0.001308
|
11.00
|
101325
|
1312
|
999.68
|
46.28
|
11.05
|
4.191
|
1.001
|
4189.51
|
0.001271
|
12.00
|
101325
|
1402
|
999.58
|
50.47
|
12.06
|
4.189
|
1.001
|
4187.67
|
0.001236
|
13.00
|
101325
|
1497
|
999.46
|
54.66
|
13.06
|
4.188
|
1.000
|
4185.89
|
0.001202
|
14.00
|
101325
|
1597
|
999.33
|
58.85
|
14.06
|
4.187
|
1.000
|
4184.16
|
0.001170
|
15.00
|
101325
|
1704
|
999.19
|
63.04
|
15.06
|
4.186
|
1.000
|
4182.49
|
0.001139
|
16.00
|
101325
|
1817
|
999.03
|
67.22
|
16.06
|
4.185
|
1.000
|
4180.86
|
0.001109
|
17.00
|
101325
|
1936
|
998.86
|
71.41
|
17.06
|
4.184
|
0.999
|
4179.27
|
0.001081
|
18.00
|
101325
|
2063
|
998.68
|
75.59
|
18.05
|
4.183
|
0.999
|
4177.72
|
0.001054
|
19.00
|
101325
|
2196
|
998.49
|
79.77
|
19.05
|
4.182
|
0.999
|
4176.20
|
0.001028
|
20.00
|
101325
|
2337
|
998.29
|
83.95
|
20.05
|
4.182
|
0.999
|
4174.70
|
0.001003
|
21.00
|
101325
|
2486
|
998.08
|
88.14
|
21.05
|
4.181
|
0.999
|
4173.23
|
0.000979
|
22.00
|
101325
|
2642
|
997.86
|
92.32
|
22.05
|
4.181
|
0.999
|
4171.78
|
0.000955
|
23.00
|
101325
|
2808
|
997.62
|
96.50
|
23.05
|
4.180
|
0.998
|
4170.34
|
0.000933
|
24.00
|
101325
|
2982
|
997.38
|
100.68
|
24.05
|
4.180
|
0.998
|
4168.92
|
0.000911
|
25.00
|
101325
|
3166
|
997.13
|
104.86
|
25.04
|
4.180
|
0.998
|
4167.51
|
0.000891
|
26.00
|
101325
|
3360
|
996.86
|
109.04
|
26.04
|
4.179
|
0.998
|
4166.11
|
0.000871
|
27.00
|
101325
|
3564
|
996.59
|
113.22
|
27.04
|
4.179
|
0.998
|
4164.71
|
0.000852
|
28.00
|
101325
|
3779
|
996.31
|
117.39
|
28.04
|
4.179
|
0.998
|
4163.31
|
0.000833
|
29.00
|
101325
|
4004
|
996.02
|
121.57
|
29.04
|
4.179
|
0.998
|
4161.92
|
0.000815
|
30.00
|
101325
|
4242
|
995.71
|
125.75
|
30.04
|
4.178
|
0.998
|
4160.53
|
0.000798
|
31.00
|
101325
|
4491
|
995.41
|
129.93
|
31.03
|
4.178
|
0.998
|
4159.13
|
0.000781
|
32.00
|
101325
|
4754
|
995.09
|
134.11
|
32.03
|
4.178
|
0.998
|
4157.73
|
0.000765
|
33.00
|
101325
|
5029
|
994.76
|
138.29
|
33.03
|
4.178
|
0.998
|
4156.33
|
0.000749
|
34.00
|
101325
|
5318
|
994.43
|
142.47
|
34.03
|
4.178
|
0.998
|
4154.92
|
0.000734
|
35.00
|
101325
|
5622
|
994.08
|
146.64
|
35.03
|
4.178
|
0.998
|
4153.51
|
0.000720
|
36.00
|
101325
|
5940
|
993.73
|
150.82
|
36.02
|
4.178
|
0.998
|
4152.08
|
0.000705
|
37.00
|
101325
|
6274
|
993.37
|
155.00
|
37.02
|
4.178
|
0.998
|
4150.65
|
0.000692
|
38.00
|
101325
|
6624
|
993.00
|
159.18
|
38.02
|
4.178
|
0.998
|
4149.20
|
0.000678
|
39.00
|
101325
|
6991
|
992.63
|
163.36
|
39.02
|
4.179
|
0.998
|
4147.74
|
0.000666
|
40.00
|
101325
|
7375
|
992.25
|
167.54
|
40.02
|
4.179
|
0.998
|
4146.28
|
0.000653
|
41.00
|
101325
|
7777
|
991.86
|
171.71
|
41.01
|
4.179
|
0.998
|
4144.80
|
0.000641
|
42.00
|
101325
|
8198
|
991.46
|
175.89
|
42.01
|
4.179
|
0.998
|
4143.30
|
0.000629
|
43.00
|
101325
|
8639
|
991.05
|
180.07
|
43.01
|
4.179
|
0.998
|
4141.80
|
0.000618
|
44.00
|
101325
|
9100
|
990.64
|
184.25
|
44.01
|
4.179
|
0.998
|
4140.28
|
0.000607
|
45.00
|
101325
|
9582
|
990.22
|
188.43
|
45.01
|
4.180
|
0.998
|
4138.75
|
0.000596
|
46.00
|
101325
|
10085
|
989.80
|
192.61
|
46.00
|
4.180
|
0.998
|
4137.20
|
0.000586
|
47.00
|
101325
|
10612
|
989.36
|
196.79
|
47.00
|
4.180
|
0.998
|
4135.64
|
0.000576
|
48.00
|
101325
|
11161
|
988.92
|
200.97
|
48.00
|
4.180
|
0.998
|
4134.06
|
0.000566
|
49.00
|
101325
|
11735
|
988.47
|
205.15
|
49.00
|
4.181
|
0.999
|
4132.47
|
0.000556
|
50.00
|
101325
|
12335
|
988.02
|
209.33
|
50.00
|
4.181
|
0.999
|
4130.87
|
0.000547
|
51.00
|
101325
|
12960
|
987.56
|
213.51
|
51.00
|
4.181
|
0.999
|
4129.25
|
0.000538
|
52.00
|
101325
|
13612
|
987.09
|
217.69
|
52.00
|
4.182
|
0.999
|
4127.61
|
0.000529
|
53.00
|
101325
|
14292
|
986.62
|
221.88
|
52.99
|
4.182
|
0.999
|
4125.97
|
0.000521
|
54.00
|
101325
|
15001
|
986.14
|
226.06
|
53.99
|
4.182
|
0.999
|
4124.30
|
0.000512
|
55.00
|
101325
|
15740
|
985.65
|
230.24
|
54.99
|
4.183
|
0.999
|
4122.63
|
0.000504
|
56.00
|
101325
|
16510
|
985.16
|
234.42
|
55.99
|
4.183
|
0.999
|
4120.94
|
0.000496
|
57.00
|
101325
|
17312
|
984.66
|
238.61
|
56.99
|
4.183
|
0.999
|
4119.24
|
0.000489
|
58.00
|
101325
|
18146
|
984.16
|
242.79
|
57.99
|
4.184
|
0.999
|
4117.52
|
0.000481
|
59.00
|
101325
|
19015
|
983.64
|
246.97
|
58.99
|
4.184
|
0.999
|
4115.79
|
0.000474
|
60.00
|
101325
|
19919
|
983.13
|
251.16
|
59.99
|
4.185
|
0.999
|
4114.05
|
0.000467
|
61.00
|
101325
|
20859
|
982.60
|
255.34
|
60.99
|
4.185
|
1.000
|
4112.30
|
0.000460
|
62.00
|
101325
|
21837
|
982.07
|
259.53
|
61.99
|
4.186
|
1.000
|
4110.53
|
0.000453
|
63.00
|
101325
|
22854
|
981.54
|
263.72
|
62.99
|
4.186
|
1.000
|
4108.75
|
0.000447
|
64.00
|
101325
|
23910
|
981.00
|
267.90
|
63.99
|
4.187
|
1.000
|
4106.97
|
0.000440
|
65.00
|
101325
|
25008
|
980.45
|
272.09
|
64.99
|
4.187
|
1.000
|
4105.17
|
0.000434
|
66.00
|
101325
|
26148
|
979.90
|
276.28
|
65.99
|
4.188
|
1.000
|
4103.36
|
0.000428
|
67.00
|
101325
|
27332
|
979.34
|
280.46
|
66.99
|
4.188
|
1.000
|
4101.54
|
0.000422
|
68.00
|
101325
|
28561
|
978.78
|
284.65
|
67.99
|
4.189
|
1.000
|
4099.71
|
0.000416
|
69.00
|
101325
|
29837
|
978.21
|
288.84
|
68.99
|
4.189
|
1.001
|
4097.88
|
0.000410
|
70.00
|
101325
|
31161
|
977.63
|
293.03
|
69.99
|
4.190
|
1.001
|
4096.03
|
0.000404
|
71.00
|
101325
|
32533
|
977.05
|
297.22
|
70.99
|
4.190
|
1.001
|
4094.18
|
0.000399
|
72.00
|
101325
|
33957
|
976.47
|
301.41
|
71.99
|
4.191
|
1.001
|
4092.31
|
0.000394
|
73.00
|
101325
|
35433
|
975.88
|
305.60
|
72.99
|
4.192
|
1.001
|
4090.45
|
0.000388
|
74.00
|
101325
|
36963
|
975.28
|
309.79
|
73.99
|
4.192
|
1.001
|
4088.57
|
0.000383
|
75.00
|
101325
|
38548
|
974.68
|
313.99
|
74.99
|
4.193
|
1.001
|
4086.69
|
0.000378
|
76.00
|
101325
|
40190
|
974.08
|
318.18
|
76.00
|
4.194
|
1.002
|
4084.80
|
0.000373
|
77.00
|
101325
|
41890
|
973.46
|
322.37
|
77.00
|
4.194
|
1.002
|
4082.91
|
0.000369
|
78.00
|
101325
|
43650
|
972.85
|
326.57
|
78.00
|
4.195
|
1.002
|
4081.01
|
0.000364
|
79.00
|
101325
|
45473
|
972.23
|
330.76
|
79.00
|
4.196
|
1.002
|
4079.11
|
0.000359
|
80.00
|
101325
|
47359
|
971.60
|
334.96
|
80.00
|
4.196
|
1.002
|
4077.20
|
0.000355
|
81.00
|
101325
|
49310
|
970.97
|
339.16
|
81.01
|
4.197
|
1.002
|
4075.29
|
0.000351
|
82.00
|
101325
|
51328
|
970.33
|
343.35
|
82.01
|
4.198
|
1.003
|
4073.38
|
0.000346
|
83.00
|
101325
|
53415
|
969.69
|
347.55
|
83.01
|
4.199
|
1.003
|
4071.46
|
0.000342
|
84.00
|
101325
|
55572
|
969.04
|
351.75
|
84.01
|
4.200
|
1.003
|
4069.54
|
0.000338
|
85.00
|
101325
|
57803
|
968.39
|
355.95
|
85.02
|
4.200
|
1.003
|
4067.62
|
0.000334
|
86.00
|
101325
|
60107
|
967.73
|
360.15
|
86.02
|
4.201
|
1.003
|
4065.70
|
0.000330
|
87.00
|
101325
|
62488
|
967.07
|
364.35
|
87.02
|
4.202
|
1.004
|
4063.78
|
0.000326
|
88.00
|
101325
|
64947
|
966.41
|
368.56
|
88.03
|
4.203
|
1.004
|
4061.85
|
0.000322
|
89.00
|
101325
|
67486
|
965.74
|
372.76
|
89.03
|
4.204
|
1.004
|
4059.93
|
0.000319
|
90.00
|
101325
|
70108
|
965.06
|
376.96
|
90.04
|
4.205
|
1.004
|
4058.00
|
0.000315
|
91.00
|
101325
|
72814
|
964.38
|
381.17
|
91.04
|
4.206
|
1.005
|
4056.08
|
0.000311
|
92.00
|
101325
|
75607
|
963.70
|
385.38
|
92.05
|
4.207
|
1.005
|
4054.15
|
0.000308
|
93.00
|
101325
|
78488
|
963.01
|
389.58
|
93.05
|
4.208
|
1.005
|
4052.23
|
0.000304
|
94.00
|
101325
|
81460
|
962.31
|
393.79
|
94.06
|
4.209
|
1.005
|
4050.31
|
0.000301
|
95.00
|
101325
|
84525
|
961.62
|
398.00
|
95.06
|
4.210
|
1.006
|
4048.39
|
0.000298
|
96.00
|
101325
|
87685
|
960.91
|
402.21
|
96.07
|
4.211
|
1.006
|
4046.47
|
0.000295
|
97.00
|
101325
|
90943
|
960.20
|
406.42
|
97.07
|
4.212
|
1.006
|
4044.55
|
0.000291
|
98.00
|
101325
|
94301
|
959.49
|
410.64
|
98.08
|
4.213
|
1.006
|
4042.64
|
0.000288
|
99.00
|
101325
|
97760
|
958.78
|
414.85
|
99.09
|
4.214
|
1.007
|
4040.73
|
0.000285
|
100.00
|
101325
|
101325
|
958.05
|
419.06
|
100.09
|
4.216
|
1.007
|
4038.82
|
0.000282
|
