Gravity and electromagnetic forces can act at any distance, but why do we see the gravitational force being most effective at cosmic distances, even though the electromagnetic force is 1036 times stronger than the gravitational force?

 The gravitational force is most effective at cosmic distances compared to the electromagnetic force, despite the latter being

$10^{36}$ times stronger, due to the following reasons:

1. Charge Neutrality of Matter:

   • Electromagnetic Force: On large scales, most objects in the universe are electrically neutral. This means that positive and negative charges cancel each other out, resulting in a net zero electromagnetic force. While electromagnetic forces dominate at small scales (such as between atoms and molecules), the large-scale charge neutrality reduces the range and cumulative effect of these forces over cosmic distances.
   • Gravitational Force: Unlike electric charge, which comes in two types (positive and negative) that can cancel each other out, mass only comes in one "type." All mass contributes positively to the gravitational force, and there is no negative mass to cancel it out. Therefore, gravitational forces from individual masses add up over large distances.

2. Inverse Square Law:

   • Both gravitational and electromagnetic forces follow the inverse square law, meaning their strength diminishes with the square of the distance between interacting objects. However, because matter tends to be neutral on large scales, the electromagnetic force diminishes faster due to cancellations, while the gravitational force, being cumulative, does not diminish as rapidly in effect.

3. Long-Range Nature:

   • Gravity: Being always attractive and cumulative, gravity's influence extends over large distances without being counteracted. This makes it the dominant force at the scale of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and the entire universe.
   • Electromagnetic Force: At cosmic distances, the electromagnetic forces from different regions effectively cancel out due to the random distribution of charges, leaving no significant large-scale electromagnetic force.

4. Cosmic Structures:

   • The large-scale structures of the universe, such as galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and the cosmic web, are primarily influenced by gravity. This is because these structures involve vast amounts of mass that exert significant gravitational attraction over great distances. The electromagnetic forces, even though stronger at the fundamental level, do not contribute significantly to the binding of such massive structures due to the reasons mentioned above.

In summary, while the electromagnetic force is fundamentally stronger than the gravitational force, the large-scale charge neutrality of matter, the cumulative nature of gravitational attraction, and the lack of negative mass to cancel gravitational effects result in gravity being the dominant force at cosmic distances.